WILLIAM OCKHAM

who is William Ockham?

William Ockham was a Franciscan friar and an English scholastic medieval philosopher. He was born in England and he stood out for something well known today. He was the first author of parsimony or "Navaja of Ockam" used in science to eliminate ideas that are not necessary.
As he was a Franciscan, he was dedicated to a life of extreme poverty. He died because of the black pest.

Critical of the ideas of St. Thomas Aquinas, he was very polemical in his own time, as he considered the existence of God more of a probability than a certainty. Outstanding among his works is the Quodlibeta Septem, a commentary on the sentences of Pietro Lombardo. It seems that he could have died of the plague in 1347.

how is his theory?

If you are near a village and you hear something galloping, it must be horses or zebras, but the most simply thing is that the noise that you have heart is of horses. But, it could be the other option, but it is more difficult to think, to be, or to believe.

And... his life?

William Ockham joined the Franciscan Order being still very young and he was educated firstly in the Franciscan house of London and then in Oxford. He did not manage to end his studies in Oxford but during this time it is when he wrote the majority of philosophical works.

credits:

wikipedia

Other page of William

William

"Blog of Country"
-YOUR OWN PERSONAL EXPERIENCE:
In E.S.O 2 we had an exchange with French people, and when i went there, my french friend aught me a little France: The very cementery Pére Lacharaise, the musée of Louvre, the French Castle (very big and nice, i like it very much). The food stragne, because we were not used was eat this food (but it was not bad)

-THE EXPERIENCE AND OPINIONS OF FRIENDS OR FAMILY WHO HAVE VISITED IT.
my mother said that she is very expensive, she has gone several times and likes it a lot. She does not like French food, but each contry has its culture. My mother loves the culture of France, likes all the castles and monuments, she had visited most parts of France.





-INFORMATION FROM OTHER SOUCRES.
France officially the French Republic is a country whose is located in western Europe. Frances extends from the Mediterranean sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. French people aften refer to French as l'Hexagone (The "Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of this territory. Its main ideals are expressed in the Declaration of the Rigths of Man and of the Citizen. France is a developed country , with the largest economy in the world, receiving 82 millons foreign tourists annually. In XIV France possessed the largest population in Europe and has tremendous influence over European politicsm economy, and culture. French becamen, and remained for some time, the common language. France obtained many overseas possessions in the America, Africa and Asia.

-IF YOUR CONCLUSION IS POSSITIVE:
1. Negative aspects:
-Go without a car may result in some inconvenience.
-In the big cities is more insecure.
-The cost of living.
2 Positive aspects:
-It's very nice!
-Proximity, good roads, great proffessionals.
-good food
-beautiful, diverse, cozy.
-landscapes, practical language, new experiences..

credits:
wikipedia
French

"Mas de Noguera"

Last week (6 october- 8 october) we went lo "El Mas de Noguera". There, we learnt lots of things about ecology and natural beauty.
We has a great time, because we are a really good group.
The first day we walked a lot, and we went to a really great time, the following day we madre activities with relationship with ecolog. The also showed us the selas plaers have to safe electricuty, and we cooked with ingredients that are cultived in el Mas.
We went to a cave very beautiful, we like irt very much. The last day we hare a bus and come had school. The last night we did a party of pyjamas, with music and we were dancing the whole night, we did a game of contests, It was win that was taking more clothes. I like this nigth.



credits:
Mas de noguera's page

Spanair..
he tail of the crashed Spainair plane sticks out as firefighters and members of resue service wor at the crash scene where a Spanair aircraft crashed on take off from Barajas Airport, Madrid, 20 August 2008.
It was heading for Gran Canaria. Spain's civil aviation chief has said that the aeroplane that crashed on Wednesday, leaving 153 people dead, must have suffered more than one kind of failure. Some witnesses had said the aircraft's left engine caught fire as the plane was taking off, although authorities never confirmed this. "The video shows that the plane caught fire only after it hit the ground," the paper said. engine failure alone would not be enough to bring the aeroplane down because modern aircraft are designed to fly on just one engine in an emergency.


Intake 'not cause' The aeroplane's takeoff from Madrid's Barajas airport had been initially delayed because of a mechanical problem with what the airline called an air intake valve near the cockpit. Experts, however, said the repaired valve could not have caused the crash - Spain's worst air disaster in 25 years. Only 19 people survived the crash of the Spanair twin-engine plane bound for the Canary Islands. Relatives of those killed in the crash continued on Friday to identify the bodies. Many bodies were burned beyond recognition and forensic teams are taking DNA samples from relatives.
Only 50 sets of remains have so far been identified.

credits:
http://www.voanews.com/english/2008-08-22-voa17.cfm
http://www.flyertalk.com/forum/showthread.php?t=617266

-¡TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATION!


Every time the technology is used in more places, now practically we have in all the places, that one of they are in the schools, in the education.

The people warn of the possible harmful effects of using technology in the classroom of the school. Will children lose their ability to relate to other human beings? Will they become dependent on technology to learn? Will they find inappropriate materials? The same was probably said with the invention of the printing press, radio, and television. All of this can be used inappropriately, but all of this have given humanity unbounded access to information which can be turned into knowledge. Appropriately used.. interactively and with guidance.. they have become tools for the development of higher order thinking skills.

Inappropriately used in the classroom, technology can be used to perpetuate old models of teaching and learning. Students can be "plugged into computers" to do drill and practice that is not so different from workbooks. Teachers can use multimedia technology to give more colorful, stimulating lectures.

The technology and education, is the new teachings of the future, applying the criteris of now education , the benefits of the future.


credits:
http://www.rieoei.org/rie28a04.htm
http://www.ncrel.org/sdrs/areas/issues/methods/technlgy/te800.

John Boyne (born April 30, 1971) is an Irish novelist.

I was born in Dublin, Ireland, in 1971. I studied English Literature at Trinity College, Dublin, and Creative Writing at the University of East Anglia.
I've won 2 Irish Book Awards, the Bisto Book of the Year Award, and have won or been shortlisted for many other prizes. My novels are available in 34 lanuages.
I've published 6 novels, a novella for charity, over 70 short stories and many book reviews, articles and non-fiction pieces.
One of my novels, The Boy In The Striped Pyjamas, has sold 3 million copies worldwide and been made into a Miramax feature film. It will be released in the UK and Ireland on September 12th and in the States in November 7th.

soon they will remove the film from the boy with the ray pajamas, and here this the trailer.

http://www.johnboyne.com/
http://johnboyne.wordpress.com/

¡present perfect simple!
present perfec simple forms with present simple of the verb to have + the past participle of the main verb. It remembers that the past participle of the regular verb has the same form that past simple.

afirmative:
I/you 've (have) walked for two hours.
you've (have) walked for two hours.
He/She/it 's (has) walked for two hours.
We/you/they 've (have) walked for two hours.

Negative:
I/You haven't (have not) walked for to hours.
He/She/It hasn't (has not) walked for to hours.
We/You/They haven't (have not) walked for to hours

interrogative:
Have I/You walked for to hours?
Has He/She/It walked for to hours?
Have We/You/They walked for to hours?

when is used the present perfec simple?
Present perfect simple is used to speak of actions in the past that have some in the present:
- actions that happened in the past without the moment at which they happened. ex: I've met your mother in the supermarket
- with the adverb just actions are expressed that finish happening. ex: We've just come back from London
- with the prepositions for and since . ex: we haven't eaten rice for two months
- with time expressions that indicate perdiodo of time when to speak that still it has not been completed ex: i haven't done much today.



¡present perfect continouns!
present perfect continouns forms with present perfect of the verb to sees + the form - Ing. of the main verb.


afirmative:
I/you 've (have) been running this morning
He/She/It 's (has) been running this morning
We/You/They 've (have) been running this morning

negative:
I/You haven't (have not) been running this morning
He/She/It hasn't (has not) been running this morning
We/You/They haven't (have not) been running this morning

interrogative:
Have I/You been running this morning?
Has He/She/It been running this morning?
Have We/You/They been running this morning?


when is used the present perfect simple?
- to speak of an activity that began in the past and that continues in the present. Usually it goes accompanied of the prepositions for or since. ex: We've been studying since 9 o'clock
- to speak of an action that began in the past and that I could have finished recently. ex: You've been sleeping all morning
- to speak of past actions that finish beginning and the result is evident. ex: Have you been swatting flies?


credits:
http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/presentperfectcontinuous.html
http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/presentperfect.html
http://www.nb2.go.th/~praphas/english/grammarcon/38.gif
(book of grammar)

- WILL AND GONING TO..

Simple future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to." Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future.

from will is will + verb

Positive: You will help hilater

Negative:You will not help him later

Interrogative:Will you help him later?

When is used will?

- Is used for to express a voluntary action
example: I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it.
-To express a promise
example: I will call you when I arrive.
-To express a prediction
example: The year 3000 will be a very interesting year.
Is used to express offens too.

from be going to is: am/is/are + going to + verb


Positive: You are going to meet Jane tonight.

Negative:You are not going to meet Jane tonight.

Interrogative:Are you going to meet Jane tonight?

when is used going to?

-Going to is used for to express a plan
example: She is not going to spend her vacation in Hawaii.
-To express a prediction
example: The year 3000 is going to be a very interesting year.
-Is used to express an intention too.

credits:
http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/simplefuture.html
http://www.englishgrammarsecrets.com/goingtoorwill/menu.php

PRESENT SIMPLE:

present simple has the same form that the infinitive for all the people, except for the third person of the singular in which one is added generally 's'

Afirmative: I/You eat a lot
He/She/It eats a lot
We/You/They eat a lot

Negative: I/you don't eat (do not) much.
He/She/It doesn't eat (doesn't not) much.
We/You/They don't eat (do not) much.

Interrogative: Do I/You eat much?
Does He/She/It eat much?
Do We/You/They eat much?

- The verbs add -s to the third person of the singular.
ex: ask-asks; flow-flows; paint-paints; come-comes.

- the verbs finished in - s, - x, - sh, - ch adds -es to the third person of the singular.
ex: pass-passes; fax-faxes; finish-finishes; wach-waches.

- the verbs do and go also add -es.
ex: do-does; go-goes.

- the verbs finished in consonant + y change y for i and add -es:
ex: try-tries; worry-worries.

When is used the past continius?
- to speak of routines and habitual actions
ex: Carol goes to work by train every day.

- to speak of facts or general truths.
ex: The Nile flows into the Mediterranean.

-to speak of permanent or stable situations.
ex: My parents live in the south of France.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS.

Present continuous forms with present simple the verb to be + the main verb finish -ing.

Afirmative: I am eating a hot dog.
You are eating a hot dog.
He/She/It is eating a hot dog.
We/You/They are eating a hot dog.

Negative: I'm not (am not) eating a hot dog.
You aren't (are not) eating a hot dog.
He/She/It isn't (is not) eating a hot dog.
We/You/They aren't (are not) eating a hot dog.

Interrogative: Am i eating a hot dog?
Are you eating a hot dog?
Is He/She/It eating a hot dog?
Are We/You/They eating a hot dog?

- In general we added - ing. to the form of the infinitive.
ex:watch-watching; feel-feeling; show-showing.

- The verbs finished in consonant + -e they omit -e end in front of -Ing.
ex: live-living; write-wrinting; hide-hiding.

- The finished monosílabos verbs in vowel cut to + consonant duplicate at the end of consonant in front of - Ing.
ex: stop-stopping; put-putting; swim-swimming.

-The verbs finished in -ie changes -ie in front of - Ing.
ex: tie-tying; lay-laying.

- the verbs finished in -y, and it does not change in front of - Ing.
ex: cry-crying; lay-laying.

- the verbs of two or three syllables that finish in consonant + vowel + consonant duplicate the final consonant if the accent falls to the last syllable .
ex: refer-referring; occur-occurring.

-the verbs finished in vowel +/duplicate/the final one in front of - Ing., except in the English American.
ex: travel-travelling.



When is used the present continius?
Present continuous is used to express:
- actions that are happening temporarily, not necessarily when to speak.
ex: She's studying Law this year
-actions that are happening when to speak.
ex: She's watching TV now.
-Present continuous usually is not used with the following verbs: belong, hate, know, like, love, mean, need, prefer, remember, understand, want.

credits:

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/simplepresent.html

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/presentcontinuous.html

http://files.motime.com/d706ce4357b9b4a2cbbae26b7672829b.jpeg

roncesvalles '08








In this video is everything we have done in this camping





In the camping, so we spent very well, and I think we also ported well. one day we went to El Camino de Santiago, who had a wonderful view, other days we saw some villages as Jaca and Pamplona, also went rafting with some boats, it was raining that day, but what we spent well, and the last day , What we did was go to Caldea, Ooooooh. ^^


the third day we change our hostel, in the first, people had only foreign but in the second, there were people in our age, we were with them watching television. They seemed friendly, but not come to the attention of all. that we were all well there. We are behaving well, I liked a lot, and I would like to repeat, at first thought it was going to be worse, but was brilliant.

Credits:

http://www.caminosantiago.com/way_of_saint_james/index.htm

http://www.caldea.com/en/

THIS IS ENGLAND.

The movie shows, how she was the British society of the 80s. The influence of the unemployment, the crisis of the Malvinas, the appearance of the first Skins, the ethnic minorities (hindues, Pakistani ...). It is a very realistic movie, in which these aspects are reflected very well. The action of the boy seems to me to be magisterial...

This movie shows, clearly and without artifices, which was really, and the way that later was going to take this movement. A response, a search of reaffirmation as like in many cases, often dyed of violence, but that is not but it, a reaction before the suffering and the social pressure.

(sorry, to be continued)

PASCUAS!
In 'pascuas' what I did was to stay with my friends for new center, valencia and the canyada, to speak for great telephone, and to end all the homework that it had for doing. A bit before fallas, it was my birthday On March 25, and without I knew nothing, they organized a surprise holiday party. I love this parrrrrty! :D
Also I ate with all my family in a restaurant in the beach!
In pascuas did not do almost anything.
But staying with my friends, I spent it brilliantly, since always (L).


creedits:
http://www.elmundo.es/traductor/

FALLAS '07


Fallas is the famous and typical party of Valencia. I celebrate this party.. and I have passed an exellent time! On friday 14 was the party of the school, when we put fire to our falla and we celebrate the end of the school and its week of sostenibility, like all falla of the school, he has been brilliant.. After of the party the falla of the school,Tatiana, Marina, Sofia, Andrea, Pablo, Carlos,Violeta, Leonor, Angela,Susana, Marga, Edu and me, went to have dinner at a pizza restaurant in La cañada,has called 'Ai Latini' . I like veeery much! :D
other days I was left with mif friends by valencia and new center, we went to starbucks, ruinas,guru etc..
And other day, the 'mascletá' in la Canyada, with Andrea and Adrià (firecracker in the head)
and finished, the Wednesday 19: the night of the 'cremà!' this night.. everypeople was too tired, me too, so I was in La Canyada, seeing burn the great and small fallas.
this were my fallas, I have liked because there am been with my friends. :D





creeeedits:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falles;
http://www.gurudisco.com/
http://www.starbucks.es/en-US/

¡PAST SIMPLE!


The Past simple of the regular verbs is formed adding 'ed' to the infinitive.
The negative and interrogative forms are constructed by the auxiliary 'did'.


Afirmative: I played in the garden.
Negative: I didn't play in the garden.
Interrogative: Did I play in the garden?

Answers: yes, i did - No, i didn't


-The verbs ended in - e, they omit vocal esra in front of -ed:
Shave- Shaved.
-The monosyllabic verbs ended in brief member + simple consonant duplicate the final consonant in front of- ed.
Rub- Rubber.
-The verbs ended in consonant + and they change it 'y' for 'i' and add -ed.
Hurry-Hurried.
-But ended in member + and they follow the general rule.
Stay-Stayed.
-The verbs of 2 or more syllables ended in brief member + simple consonant duplicate the consonant ultimately if the accent falls down in the last syllable.
Submit- Submited.


When is used the past continius?
-When you speak about past actions that took place in a certain moment.
-On having narrated a sequence of past facts.











¡PAST CONINIUS!


Past continius is formed with past simple of the verb to be + the verb principial ended in -ing.


Afirmative: I was sleeping in the bed.
You were sleeping in the bed.
He/she/it was sleeping in the bed.
We/You/They were sleeping in the bed.

Negative: I wasn't sleeping in the bed.
You weren't sleeping in the bed.
He/she/ir wasn't sleeping in the bed.
We/you/they weren't sleeping in the bed

Interrogative: Was I sleeping in the bed?
Were you sleeping in the bed?
Was He/she/it sleeping in the bed?
Were We/you/they sleeping in the bed?

answers: Yes, i was - no I wasn't
Yes, you were - No, you weren't
Yes,. He/she ir was - No He/She/it wasn't
Yes We/You/They were - No, We/You/They weren't.


When is used the past continius ?
- To describe an activity that happened in a specific moment of the past.
-To refer to a past action that was developing when it was interrupted by other one.
-To refer to two actions that were developing in a simultaneous way in the past.



credits:
http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/pastcontinuous.html

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/simplepast.html

-The destrucion of forest.

At present, the forests that still stay cover scarcely a fraction of the area covered by forests only hundred years behind. And the speed of destruction is increasing. Quite, up to the effects of the climatic change, they are threatening the existence of the last natural remaining forests.

When a forest is cut and new trees are sowed a plantation of few classes of trees does not give support to so many forms of life as a natural forest. These plantations will not produce a lot of wood of the highest quality. The trees in the natural forests have been growing during hundreds, and sometimes thousands, of years. The sowed trees are cut a few years after having being planted.

The human beings have been destroying the forests per centuries, but the rate of destruction has been increasing so rapidly that some forests will not last for much any more time.

The trees are cut not only by his wood and other products, but the area can be turned then for the cattle and in fields to feed a number of persons. As the cities become big, the forests are eliminated to allow the construction of housings, malls.

Nowadays only they preserve 20 % of the primary forests that were covering the terrestrial surface; nonetheless(though) there stay two third parts of the terrestrial biodiversity and are one of the major sinks of carbon of the planet.

http://www.jmarcano.com/nociones/bosque/threat.html

http://www.elecolo.com/?p=1871